A Words, words, words

A1 Listen and repeat.

A1 Listen and repeat.

A1 Listen and repeat.

A1 Listen and repeat.

A2 Match.

B Reading

B1 Read.

Anthony: Hi Dylan, what are you up to?

Dylan: I’m working with my mum on a presentation for my science project that’s due tomorrow. She’s also coming to our school tomorrow to talk about pollution and climate change.

Anthony: I don’t see why people worry so much about global warming. Just look at it in a positive way: we can go to the beach and swim all year round.

Dylan: Are you nuts, Ants? I get it if you don’t like watching the news, but haven’t you at least paid attention to what our science teacher said? If the temperature keeps rising, the polar ice caps will melt. Then sea levels will rise, and there won’t be any sandy beaches to go to. In fact, people won’t live on or near the coast any more. Yeah, you’ll swim – in the streets of Cardiff!

Anthony: But, if the weather gets warmer, people will save a lot of money on heating, won’t they?

Dylan: Seriously? Then how about cooling off in high temperatures? Doesn’t that cost money, too? I bet you don’t even know what causes global warming.

Anthony: I actually do. Industry, transport and other air polluters produce huge amounts of carbon dioxide, or CO2. It traps sunlight, solar radiation and heat, so they can’t escape into space. Instead, they stay in the atmosphere and cause the planet to get hotter. See, I know.

Dylan: OK, so what are we going to do about it?

Anthony: Well, hmm…

Dylan: You see? We must do something, all of us, immediately. Luckily, there are more and more people, schools and organisations that take steps to stop climate change and to protect the environment. This is what my mum, who is an eco-activist, does, too.

Anthony: I didn’t mind the idea of a warmer climate before, but I think I’ll look at it differently from now on. Speaking of protecting the environment, there’s one thing I’ve always wondered: why do people cut down so many trees? Forests are the lungs of the Earth, so why would anyone destroy them on purpose?

Dylan: For lots of reasons. They need land to grow food, to build roads, for pasture for cows… And they need wood to produce paper, furniture and so on. Do you know that a forest the size of Wales is needed for the paper used in the UK every year? Have you even heard the expression ‘the size of Wales’?

Anthony: I know how big Wales is, if that’s what you mean.

 

Dylan: No, that is not what I mean... It’s a measure used to help people understand how big an area is: in this case, the area of a forest’s destruction. It’s also the name of the charity organisation my mum works for, which helps protect rainforests. They say fewer rainforests means more CO2 in the air, more floods, loss of habitat for loads of animals…

Anthony: OK, OK, I get it, we need to help.

Dylan: Exactly! We must recycle and buy recycled products. I’ve got to go and finish my presentation now. But listen to what my mum says tomorrow: it’s going to be very interesting. There is also a charity concert on Saturday, and the Dragons is one of the bands playing. We’ll be raising money for the forests in Uganda. You should come!

Anthony: Sure, thanks for the invitation! See you at school tomorrow; ’bye!

Dylan: ’Bye!

B2 Choose Dylan or Anthony.

B2 Choose Dylan or Anthony.

C Reading and listening

C1 Read and listen

Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution is when plastic ends up in the environment. Plastic is very hard to get    rid of, because it is slow to degrade, unlike vegetables   or paper. It can take up to 1,000 years for a piece of plastic to decompose.
Animals are not able to tell plastic from non-plastic, so they eat it by mistake. For example, sea turtles sometimes confuse plastic bags with jellyfish and eat them. Lots of birds and fish and other sea animals die because their stomachs are too full of plastic. 

Governments and industry have to deal with plastic pollution very seriously. Otherwise, there will be more plastic than fish in the seas by the year 2050. What do we have to do to protect the environment from plastic pollution?
• We have to reduce the use of plastic bottles, and use glass or reusable water bottles
• We have to stop using plastic bags, and use cloth shopping bags instead
• We have to stop buying things made of plastic in amounts that we don’t really need: for example, children’s toys.

C1 Read and listen

Methane-Gas pollution

When they burp, animals produce methane, a gas which increases global warming even more than carbon dioxide, because it traps more heat. That makes the meat industry more harmful to the environment than the transport industry.

Animals also need a lot of land and water. Did you know that producing a kilogram of meat takes a lot more land and water than producing a kilogram of wheat? Since there are more animals than people, if you do your math, you’ll come to the conclusion that we simply have to change our diet. We mustn’t eat so much meat any more, because it can cause serious environmental problems.
Another way of dealing with the problem is breeding animals that burp less. You didn’t think that was possible? New Zealand, a country with 19 million sheep, has done it. Their scientists have bred sheep that produce 10 per cent less methane. They did this by changing their diet so they burp less, and by planting trees in pastures. As a result, their sheep are now more elegant, and grow more wool, than before. Where there is a will, there is a way!

C2 Choose the correct answer.

C2 Choose the correct answer.

C2 Choose the correct answer.

C2 Choose the correct answer.

C2 Choose the correct answer.

D My... Grammar!

Modal verbs must, have to, mustn’t and don't have to.
We use modal verbs must and have to to express obligation.
Must is used to talk about obligation when it is the speaker’s opinion.

   I must stop eating meat every day. It’s not good for my health.


Have to is used to talk about rules, obligation from outside.
I have to stop eating meat every day. The doctor says so.

Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:

   We mustn't eat so much meat: it’s bad for the environment.

Don't have to means that something is not necessary, it's a choice: 

   You don't have to eat meat if you don't want to.

D1 True or false.

D1 True or false.

D1 True or false.

D2 Fill in.

E For curious minds

Did you know the size of Wales is used as a measurement unit. Find out more about it. Size of Wales

Lesson 3A: Size of Wales

A Words, words, words

A2 Match.

B Reading

B1 Read.

Anthony: Hi Dylan, what are you up to?

Dylan: I’m working with my mum on a presentation for my science project that’s due tomorrow. She’s also coming to our school tomorrow to talk about pollution and climate change.

Anthony: I don’t see why people worry so much about global warming. Just look at it in a positive way: we can go to the beach and swim all year round.

Dylan: Are you nuts, Ants? I get it if you don’t like watching the news, but haven’t you at least paid attention to what our science teacher said? If the temperature keeps rising, the polar ice caps will melt. Then sea levels will rise, and there won’t be any sandy beaches to go to. In fact, people won’t live on or near the coast any more. Yeah, you’ll swim – in the streets of Cardiff!

Anthony: But, if the weather gets warmer, people will save a lot of money on heating, won’t they?

Dylan: Seriously? Then how about cooling off in high temperatures? Doesn’t that cost money, too? I bet you don’t even know what causes global warming.

Anthony: I actually do. Industry, transport and other air polluters produce huge amounts of carbon dioxide, or CO2. It traps sunlight, solar radiation and heat, so they can’t escape into space. Instead, they stay in the atmosphere and cause the planet to get hotter. See, I know.

Dylan: OK, so what are we going to do about it?

Anthony: Well, hmm…

Dylan: You see? We must do something, all of us, immediately. Luckily, there are more and more people, schools and organisations that take steps to stop climate change and to protect the environment. This is what my mum, who is an eco-activist, does, too.

Anthony: I didn’t mind the idea of a warmer climate before, but I think I’ll look at it differently from now on. Speaking of protecting the environment, there’s one thing I’ve always wondered: why do people cut down so many trees? Forests are the lungs of the Earth, so why would anyone destroy them on purpose?

Dylan: For lots of reasons. They need land to grow food, to build roads, for pasture for cows… And they need wood to produce paper, furniture and so on. Do you know that a forest the size of Wales is needed for the paper used in the UK every year? Have you even heard the expression ‘the size of Wales’?

Anthony: I know how big Wales is, if that’s what you mean.

Dylan: No, that is not what I mean... It’s a measure used to help people understand how big an area is: in this case, the area of a forest’s destruction. It’s also the name of the charity organisation my mum works for, which helps protect rainforests. They say fewer rainforests means more CO2 in the air, more floods, loss of habitat for loads of animals…

Anthony: OK, OK, I get it, we need to help.

Dylan: Exactly! We must recycle and buy recycled products. I’ve got to go and finish my presentation now. But listen to what my mum says tomorrow: it’s going to be very interesting. There is also a charity concert on Saturday, and the Dragons is one of the bands playing. We’ll be raising money for the forests in Uganda. You should come!

Anthony: Sure, thanks for the invitation! See you at school tomorrow; ’bye!

Dylan: ’Bye!

C Reading and listening

Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution is when plastic ends up in the environment. Plastic is very hard to get    rid of, because it is slow to degrade, unlike vegetables   or paper. It can take up to 1,000 years for a piece of plastic to decompose.
Animals are not able to tell plastic from non-plastic, so they eat it by mistake. For example, sea turtles sometimes confuse plastic bags with jellyfish and eat them. Lots of birds and fish and other sea animals die because their stomachs are too full of plastic. Governments and industry have to deal with plastic pollution very seriously. Otherwise, there will be more plastic than fish in the seas by the year 2050. What do we have to do to protect the environment from plastic pollution?
• We have to reduce the use of plastic bottles, and use glass or reusable water bottles
• We have to stop using plastic bags, and use cloth shopping bags instead
• We have to stop buying things made of plastic in amounts that we don’t really need: for example, children’s toys.

Methane-Gas pollution

When they burp, animals produce methane, a gas which increases global warming even more than carbon dioxide, because it traps more heat. That makes the meat industry more harmful to the environment than the transport industry.
Animals also need a lot of land and water. Did you know that producing a kilogram of meat takes a lot more land and water than producing a kilogram of wheat? Since there are more animals than people, if you do your math, you’ll come to the conclusion that we simply have to change our diet. We mustn’t eat so much meat any more, because it can cause serious environmental problems.
Another way of dealing with the problem is breeding animals that burp less. You didn’t think that was possible? New Zealand, a country with 19 million sheep, has done it. Their scientists have bred sheep that produce 10 per cent less methane. They did this by changing their diet so they burp less, and by planting trees in pastures. As a result, their sheep are now more elegant, and grow more wool, than before. Where there is a will, there is a way!

D My... Grammar!

Modal verbs must, have to, mustn’t and don't have to.
We use modal verbs must and have to to express obligation.
Must is used to talk about obligation when it is the speaker’s opinion.

   I must stop eating meat every day. It’s not good for my health.


Have to is used to talk about rules, obligation from outside.
I have to stop eating meat every day. The doctor says so.

Mustn't means it's not allowed, or it's a bad idea:

   We mustn't eat so much meat: it’s bad for the environment.

Don't have to means that something is not necessary, it's a choice: 

   You don't have to eat meat if you don't want to.

E For curious minds

Did you know the size of Wales is used as a measurement unit. Find out more about it. Size of Wales